Structure of graphite and its intercalation compounds Donated to the Nobel Museum in Stockholm by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov in 2010.
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1.1 Structure of graphite and its intercalation compounds.A narrower definition, of "isolated or free-standing graphene" requires that the layer be sufficiently isolated from its environment, but would include layers suspended or transferred to silicon dioxide or silicon carbide. The IUPAC (International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry) recommends use of the name "graphite" for the three-dimensional material, and "graphene" only when the reactions, structural relations, or other properties of individual layers are discussed. The global market for graphene was $9 million in 2012, with most of the demand from research and development in semiconductor, electronics, electric batteries, and composites. Graphene has become a valuable and useful nanomaterial due to its exceptionally high tensile strength, electrical conductivity, transparency, and being the thinnest two-dimensional material in the world. High-quality graphene proved to be surprisingly easy to isolate. In 2010, Geim and Novoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their "groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene". In 2004, the material was rediscovered, isolated and investigated at the University of Manchester, by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov. It was possibly observed in electron microscopes in 1962, but studied only while supported on metal surfaces. It has likely been unknowingly produced in small quantities for centuries, through the use of pencils and other similar applications of graphite. Scientists theorized the potential existence and production of graphene for decades. This one-atom-thick material can be seen with the naked eye because it absorbs approximately 2.3% of light. Photograph of a suspended graphene membrane in transmitted light. The material is about 100 times as strong as would be the strongest steel of the same thickness. The material strongly absorbs light of all visible wavelengths, which accounts for the black color of graphite yet a single graphene sheet is nearly transparent because of its extreme thinness. Graphene conducts heat and electricity very efficiently along its plane. Charge transport is ballistic over long distances the material exhibits large quantum oscillations and large and nonlinear diamagnetism. Charge carriers in graphene show linear, rather than quadratic, dependence of energy on momentum, and field-effect transistors with graphene can be made that show bipolar conduction. The valence band is touched by a conduction band, making graphene a semimetal with unusual electronic properties that are best described by theories for massless relativistic particles. This is the same type of bonding seen in carbon nanotubes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and (partially) in fullerenes and glassy carbon. The name is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double bonds.Įach atom in a graphene sheet is connected to its three nearest neighbors by a strong σ-bond, and contributes to a valence band one electron that extends over the whole sheet. Graphene ( / ˈ ɡ r æ f iː n/ ) is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice nanostructure. Graphene is an atomic-scale hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms.
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